In contemporary political discourse, “unification” is often assigned positive moral weight, symbolizing equality, integration, and progress; while “colonialism” is viewed as synonymous with oppression, exploitation, and backwardness. This binary framing appears reasonable, as…

In contemporary political discourse, the term “far-right” looms over discussions, often used to refer to a wide range of phenomena from traditional conservatism to historical fascist movements. However, this analysis suggests that this…

Introduction: A Misaligned Dialogue, Two Misinterpretations of AI In 2019, the famous public dialogue between Elon Musk and Jack Ma in Shanghai, which should have been a pinnacle conversation between Eastern and Western…

Introduction: The Fall of Liberty in Language Contemporary political discourse is a battlefield of semantics, and liberalism may well be the first concept to fall. Under the banner of “liberty,” we have witnessed…

Introduction: Beyond the False Dichotomy of Institutional Determinism and Human Agency The “rule of law” is revered as a core tenet of modern civilization, but can this seemingly impeccable order automatically generate justice?…

In today’s political context, the term “Equity” is increasingly appearing in the language of policies, education, corporations, and social movements. However, its original legal meaning has diverged significantly from its use in contemporary…

Confucianism and Communism—one an ancient orthodox ideology, the other a modern revolutionary theory—appear to have nothing in common. Yet within the long river of Chinese intellectual history, they reveal a striking thread of…

The Opium Wars (1840-1842) marked a turning point in modern Chinese history, not merely forcing open the Qing Dynasty’s gates to Western powers but starkly exposing the profound contradictions between its institutional framework…

The Core Proposition of Institutional Politics In the contemporary political spectrum, the “establishment” is often seen as a symbol of moderation and stability. The media regards it as the voice of reason, and…

In contemporary political language, “monarchy” and “republic” are depicted as absolute opposites, as if one side represents progress and freedom while the other symbolizes despotism and oppression. But this binary opposition itself is…

We are at a deep turning point in human civilization: not the “end of history,” but a critical moment where the entire narrative of progress faces fundamental collapse. For two hundred years, progressivism…

I. Introduction: Centralization Contradicts the Natural Organization of Human Society Contemporary observers frequently assume that centralization represents an inevitable stage in social development and embodies rational administration. However, historical wisdom suggests otherwise. Centralized…

Introduction The term “involution” originally described a closed agricultural system where increasing labor input yielded diminishing returns, offering no real gain. This article expands on that concept, understanding involution as a social phenomenon:…

Political utopias, on the surface, appear as inspiring visions of humanity’s future: a perfect society where absolute justice, equality, and freedom prevail. Yet, from a conservative perspective, such visions often rely on overly…

1. Observation: Monarchies in Muslim Countries Are Generally Stable When addressing turmoil in the Middle East or the broader Muslim world, one critical fact is often overlooked: most monarchies in Muslim-majority countries maintain…

These days, “populism” gets thrown at anything labeled irrational or anti-elite—think Trump, MAGA, or Europe’s right-wing movements. But peel back the layers, and the truth comes out: the people’s voice is the real…

In today’s political landscape, “liberty” is a term frequently invoked yet rarely deeply understood. Libertarians exalt it as the ultimate value, viewing the state and community as the greatest threats to individual freedom,…